Sheaths for jointed instruments

ABSTRACT

Sheaths for medical instruments cover wrist mechanisms to provide a barrier to infiltration of biological material into the instrument, electrical isolation of energized portions of the instrument, seal the instrument to help maintain cavity pressure within a patient, or reduce the chance that two jointed instrument will tangle during a medical procedure.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.12/832,580, filed Jul. 8, 2010, which claims the benefit of the earlierfiling date of U.S. Provisional App. No. 61/304,388, filed Feb. 12, 2010(now expired), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

BACKGROUND

Robotically controlled surgical instruments are often used in minimallyinvasive medical procedures. (As used herein, the terms “robot” or“robotically” and the like include teleoperation or teleroboticaspects.) Such instruments typically includes an end effector or toolsuch as forceps, a cutting tool, or a cauterizing tool mounted on awrist mechanism at the distal end of an extension, sometimes referred toherein as the main tube of the instrument. During a medical procedure,the effector and the distal end of the main tube can be inserteddirectly or through a cannula into a small incision or a natural orificeof a patient to position the effector at a work site within the body ofthe patient. The wrist mechanism can then be used to position, orient,move, and operate the effector when performing the desired procedure atthe work site. Tendons, e.g., cables or similar structures, extendingthrough the main tube of the instrument can connect the wrist mechanismto a transmission or backend mechanism that may be motor driven inresponse to a doctor's instructions provided through a computerinterface.

The instruments employed during medical procedures are generally complexmechanical devices having many separate components (e.g., cables andmechanical members.) Accordingly, to reduce cost, it is desirable forthe instruments to be reusable. However, reuse of a medical instrumentgenerally requires stringent cleaning and sterilization procedures thatare made more difficult by the large number of small components andtight intervening spaces within such instruments. Systems and methodsfor improving the efficiency of cleaning procedures for minimallyinvasive medical instruments and/or reducing the cost per use of suchinstruments are desired.

SUMMARY

In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a medical apparatusincludes a removable sheath having a body with a section positioned tosurround a joint of an instrument when the sheath is installed on theinstrument, and the section surrounding the joint has convolutions thataccommodate bending of the joint.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a medical apparatusincludes a removable sheath having a body with a tubular section of aflexible material positioned to surround a joint of a medical instrumentwhen the sheath is installed on the medical instrument. The sheath alsoincludes a support structure such as a coil spring that is arranged toprevent collapse of the tubular section when the joint bends.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a medicalapparatus includes a removable sheath having a body with a section ofporous material such as expanded PTFE. The section of porous material ispositioned to surround a joint of the medical instrument and provide abarrier to infiltration of liquids into the instrument. The porousmaterial has a pore structure that prevents collapse of the sectionduring bending of the joint.

In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, a medicalapparatus including a removable sheath for a jointed medical instrumentcan employ a retaining structure of a resilient material that is shapedto engage a complementary feature on the medical instrument andremovably lock the sheath in an installed position on the instrument.

In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, a medicalapparatus including a removable sheath can include an agent in theinterior of the sheath, wherein the agent is a lubricant for theinstrument, a disinfectant, or an agent that assists in cleaning of theinstrument on which the sheath can be installed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a system having multiple arms on which instruments forminimally invasive medical procedures can be attached.

FIG. 2 shows an instrument that may be employed in the system of FIG. 1and use replaceable sheaths in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 3A shows a sheath in accordance with an embodiment of the inventionhaving flexible pressure fit end seals.

FIG. 3B illustrates installation of the sheath of FIG. 3A onto theinstrument of FIG. 2.

FIG. 3C illustrates a portion of a sheath in accordance with anembodiment of the invention having an end piece with an interior shapedto fit against the mechanism of a medical instrument.

FIG. 3D is a partial cutaway view showing details of a distal seal andretaining structure in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3E shows a partial cutaway view of the distal end of an instrumentwith a removable sheath in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention installed.

FIG. 3F is a partial cutaway view showing details of a proximal end ofan instrument with a removable sheath in accordance with an embodimentof the invention installed.

FIG. 4A illustrates a portion of a sheath in accordance with anembodiment of the invention using corrugations to improve flexibilitywhere the sheath covers a wrist mechanism.

FIG. 4B illustrates a portion of a sheath in accordance with anembodiment of the invention in which the material in a section of asheath covering a wrist mechanism differs from the material in anadjacent portion of the sheath.

FIG. 4C illustrates a portion of a sheath in accordance with anembodiment of the invention that processes sections of the sheathdifferently to create different flexibility characteristics in differentsections of the sheath.

FIG. 5 illustrates an instrument in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention in which a replaceable sheath covers a wrist mechanism of theinstrument but does not extend the length of the main tube of theinstrument.

Use of the same reference symbols in different figures indicates similaror identical items.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a medical instrument forrobotic minimally invasive procedures employs a replaceable sheath tocover a wrist mechanism or other joints in the instrument. Theinstrument and the sheath can employ cooperative seal and retainingstructures that keep the sheath in place on the instrument, seal theinstrument from infiltration of biological material, and provide anopening for an end effector of the instrument to operate withoutobstruction. The replaceable sheath can provide a variety of functionsincluding: reducing or preventing infiltration of biomaterial into theinstrument during a medical procedure; providing electrical isolation ofat least a portion of the medical instrument; sealing the instrument toassist in maintaining an elevated pressure at the work site within apatient; providing smooth surface that facilitates insertion of theinstrument through a cannula, and reducing the chance that a wristmechanism of one instrument will catch on or tangle another instrumentor other components of a robotic medical system or other complex medicalsystem.

Bending at a joint in a robotic medical instrument typically causes alarge difference between lengths of portions of a sheath at the insideand outside of the curve created at the joint, often resulting instrains on the order of 30 to 50% in a sheath. Many potential sheathmaterials that have desirable electrical characteristics are notsufficiently stretchy or flexible enough to withstand the strain at abending joint. For example, materials such as polyester andfluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), fluorinated ethylene-propylene FEP, andperfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA) have relatively high dielectricstrength but may not provide sufficient stretch or flexibility towithstand the bending at a mechanical joint. In accordance with anaspect of the invention, such materials can be contoured (e.g.,corrugated or convoluted) at locations corresponding to mechanicaljoints to accommodate length differences between the inside and outsideof a bend. Alternatively, a sheath can be made of expanded or porousmaterial (e.g., expanded PTFE) that provides a barrier to liquids andelectrical current and also has a pore structure that allows thematerial to withstand the strain at a bend.

The material and construction of particular embodiments of the sheathsdescribed herein can be flexible at a wrist mechanism or othermechanical joints of the instrument so that a sheath by itself canprovide a fluid or electrical barrier and the desired range of motion ofthe instrument without becoming caught in the covered mechanisms duringinstrument operation. Accordingly, the sheaths can be used with jointedinstruments without being damaged by instrument movement or interferingwith the instrument operation.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, removable sheathsemployed can contain or be internally coated with an agent such as alubricant, a disinfectant, or an anticoagulant that lubricates mechanismof the instrument or facilitates cleaning of the instrument.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a robotically controlled system 100 that canemploy sheathed instruments in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention. System 100, which may, for example, be a da Vinci®. SurgicalSystem available from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. includes multiple medicalinstruments 200, each of which is mounted in a docking port on a roboticarm 110. Instruments 200 can be interchangeable, so that the instruments200 mounted on arms 110 can be selected for a particular medicalprocedure or changed during a medical procedure to provide the clinicalfunctions needed. As is well known in the art, instruments 200 canimplement many functions including but not limited to forceps orgraspers, needle drivers, scalpels, scissors, and cauterizing tools.

The docking ports of system 100 generally include drive motors thatprovide mechanical power for operation of instruments 200. The dockingports may additionally include an electrical interface for communicationwith instruments 200, for example, to identify the type of instrument inthe docking port, to access parameters of the instrument, or conveymeasurements obtained using the instruments. High voltage electricalsystems (not shown) such as generators for cauterizing or sealinginstruments would typically connect to suitable instruments 200 throughseparate connectors but could alternatively be provided through built-incircuits in control system 100.

Each instrument 200 generally includes a transmission or backendmechanism 210, a main tube 220 extending from the backend mechanism 210,a wrist mechanism 230 at the distal end of main tube 220, and an endeffector 240 extending from wrist mechanism 230. Drive cables or tendonsand electrical conductors that are connected to wrist mechanism 200 inan instrument 200 may extend through main tube 220 and connect tobackend mechanism 210. Backend mechanism 210 typically provides amechanical coupling of the drive tendons to drive motors in controlsystem 100. System 100 can thus control movement and tension in thetendons as needed to move or position wrist mechanism 230 and operateeffector 240. A camera system 120 can similarly be mounted on an arm ofsystem 100 and have a wrist mechanism that system 100 operates toposition a distal end of camera system 120 for viewing of a work siteand the operation of instruments 200 within a patient. The views fromcamera system 120, which may be stereoscopic or three-dimensional, canbe viewed at a control console (not shown) and images may be displayedon a monitor 130. A processing system of system 100 can thus provide auser interface enabling a doctor or other medical personnel to see andmanipulate the camera system 120 and instruments 200. For example, anarm 110 can be used to insert the end of a medical instrument 200through a cannula in small incisions in a patient undergoing a medicalprocedure and to operate wrist mechanism 230 and effector 240 at aworksite inside the patient. The diameter or diameters of main tube 220,wrist mechanism 230, and effector 240 are generally selected accordingto the size of the cannula with which the instrument will be used, andin an exemplary embodiment, wrist mechanism 200 and main tube 110 areabout 4 mm, 5 mm, or 8 mm in diameter to match the sizes of someexisting cannula systems.

Main tube 220 may contain both drive tendons and electrical conductorsthat run from backend mechanism 210 to wrist mechanism 230 and effector240. In general, main tube 220 may be rigid or flexible. A flexible maintube 220 would be used, for example, for insertion through an endoscopeor other guide or cannula that follows a natural lumen or otherwisecurved path. However, many common types of minimally invasive medicalprocedures such as laparoscopic surgery employ straight cannulas forinsertion and removal of instruments, permitting use of a rigid maintube 220. A rigid main tube 220 can provide a more solid base for use ofwrist mechanism 230 and effector 240 during a medical procedure. A rigidand straight main tube 220 also permits portions of drive tendonsextending through main tube 110 to be structures such as rods or tubes(e.g., hypotubes) that may provide better immunity to stretching or beless expensive. Whether flexible or rigid, main tube 220 would generallyexperience minimal movement during operation of wrist mechanism 230.

FIG. 2 shows a medical instrument 200 in more detail and particularlyillustrates one specific embodiment of a wrist mechanism 230 andeffector 240, which are the components of medical instrument 200 thatgenerally move extensively during a medical procedure. In theillustrated embodiment, wrist mechanism 230 includes a joint 232 thatconnects an extended member 234 to main tube 220, and extended member234 connects to a multi-member wrist 236 on which effector 240 ismounted. Joint 232 can have two angular degrees of freedom for movementof member 234, which, as a result of the extended length of member 234,provides a significant range of spatial motion for wrist 236 andeffector 240. Wrist 236 includes multiple vertebrae that may beindependently controlled to provide multiple degrees of freedom formoving and orienting effector 240 during a medical procedure. Thespecifics of wrist mechanism 230 are provided here as merely as anillustration of one type of wrist mechanism. Many other types of wristmechanisms are known and could be used with removable sheaths asdescribed herein. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,817,974, entitled“Surgical tool having Positively Positionable Tendon-Actuated Multi-DiskWrist Joint,” to Cooper et al. describes some known wrist mechanismscontaining multiple disks and tendon controlled joints. Of importancefor the present invention is that, wrist mechanisms in the medicalinstruments commonly have joints with significant ranges (e.g., up to30° or 40° from straight for a single joint), and each joint may berepeatedly exercised during typical medical procedures. Such joints makeprovision of sheathing complex because overly compliant sheathing caninterfere with joint motion, be pinched during joint motion, or wearthrough as the result of repeated motion, and stiff sheathing mayrestrict joint motion or tear.

FIG. 2 also illustrates that main tube 220 may include a series ofcleaning holes 222, which facilitate cleaning of the interior ofinstrument 200 between medical procedures. Conventionally, such cleaningholes have the drawback of creating flow paths for biological materialor gas flow from a region of elevated pressure that may be maintained ina patient during a medical procedure. However, in accordance with anaspect of the current invention, a replaceable sheath can be installedon instrument 200 and seal cleaning holes 222 to help maintain apressure differential during a medical procedure. Further, the sheathcan be removed between medical procedures to permit access to cleaningholes 220 when instrument 200 is cleaned. Cleaning holes (not shown) canalso be in wrist mechanism 230, for example, in extended member 234. Thesheath can also seal wrist mechanism 230 but in case of contamination,can be removed to permit cleaning of an instrument protected by thesheath. On a camera instrument, which may be relatively large or havelower mechanical load requirements, the cleaning holes can be made largeto enable easy cleaning, while the sheath reduces the amount of accessthat biomaterial has to the camera system during use. Instruments suchas camera systems that are not generally in direct contact withbiomaterial may not require a full seal.

FIG. 3A shows a sheath 300 in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention that can be used with a jointed medical instrument. (Medicalinstrument is used here in a broad sense to include instruments 200 withend effectors and camera systems 120 such as described above withreference to FIGS. 1 and 2 and any similar components of a medicalapparatus that may be employed in a minimally invasive medicalprocedure.) Sheath 300 includes a first end piece or base 310, a tube orgenerally tubular body 320, and a second end piece or tip 330. Sheath300 has an inner diameter sized to accommodate the main tube 220 of amedical instrument (e.g., typically 4 mm to 8 mm), and tube 310 and tip330 may have an outer diameter sized to fit within a cannula, which maybe employed to guide the instrument.

Body 320 generally provides a flexible abrasion resistant surface thatcan act as a barrier to fluids and/or electricity. In an exemplaryembodiment, body 320 is made of a relatively rigid material that resistskinking, buckling, or cracking. For example, body 320 may be a tube of apolyester such as Mylar, a fluoropolymer such as PTFE, ETFE, FEP, andPFA, a polyimide such as Kapton, or a multi-ply construction includingdifferent materials such as Mylar, Kapton, urethane, silicon or a wovenfiber such as a para-aramid synthetic fiber (e.g., Kevlar®.) Tube 320would typically have a circular cross-section but may have anycross-section need to match a medical instrument or camera system beingsheathed. A typical sheath may have one or more layers with a typicalthickness of about 0.003″ depending on requirements for the strength,flexibility, and electrical insulating properties of the sheath. In onespecific embodiment, tube 320 can employ heat shrinkable polyestertubing, which is commercially available from suppliers such as AdvancedPolymers, Inc. However, with a multi-ply construction, the differentmaterials can be chosen to add different overall characteristics to thesheath. For example, Kapton and Mylar would provide good dielectricproperties while a para-aramid fiber would provide structural stability.As described further below, a high degree of elasticity or accommodationof bending is not required for most of body 320, so that the compositionof the portions of body 320 that do not bend can be selected for otherdesirable characteristics such as a high dielectric constant whenelectrical isolation is desired.

End pieces 310 and 330 seal against a medical instrument as describedfurther below. End pieces 310 and 330 may be predominantly made of aflexible material such as silicone or urethane that is molded overand/or bonded to opposite ends of body 320. End piece 310 or 330 mayfurther include a more resilient portion that is shaped to removablylock into a complementary feature on a medical instrument to keep sheath300 in an installed position until sheath 300 is removed for instrumentcleaning.

Sheath 300 can be installed on an instrument 200 by sliding sheath 300over the effector 240, wrist mechanism 230, and main tube 220 asillustrated in FIG. 3B. In an exemplary embodiment, a large section ofsheath body 320 is relatively rigid and holds its shape during and afterinstallation. Preferably, the material or composition of one section ofbody 320 is sufficiently rigid to avoid buckling during installation oras a result of friction with a cannula during medical procedures when acannula guides an instrument having a sheath 300 installed.

End pieces 310 and 330, which may be bonded to body 320, contain anelastic material and stretch over the instrument during installation ofsheath 300. The elastic material in ends 310 and 320 can providefriction seals against respective surfaces of effector 230 and main tube220. FIG. 3C, for example, illustrates an embodiment of sheath 300 inwhich tip 330 has an interior shaped to match the outer surface of theportion of the medical instrument (e.g., a portion of the end effector240), so that tip 330 tends to fit into and remain in a desired positionon the instrument. As shown in FIG. 3D, elastic tension in tip 330 cancause tip 330 to seal against a base member 242 of effector 240.Effector 240, as shown, extends through a hole in tip 330 so thatworking portions (e.g., scissors or forceps jaws 244) of effector 240are unobstructed when sheath 300 is installed. Optionally, separateseals (not shown) can be provided for tendons or other structures thatmay extend through base member 342 for operation of effector 240.

FIG. 3D also illustrates that sheath 300 may additionally include aretaining structure 340 such as a snap. For example, retaining structure340 can be made of a resilient material such as a plastic (e.g., ultem)that flexes away from instrument 200 during installation of sheath 300and snaps into a complementary groove 248 in base member 242 when sheath300 reaches a fully installed position. Alternatively, retainingstructure 340 could include a female thread pattern that engages acomplement thread pattern on base member 242 or elsewhere on instrument200. Structure 340 when engaged with instrument 200 resists furthermovement of sheath 300 during installation and use of instrument 200,while being easily removed by hand or with a suitable removal tool.

FIG. 3E shows tip 330 in the fully installed position with an endeffector 240 extending outward from tip 330. However, wrist joints 230are surrounded by a section of body 320 that provides the flexibility toaccommodate bending of joints 230 without being damaged or interferingwith the movement of joints 230. As described further below, this may beachieved in that section of body 320 by providing convolutions in body320, employing a material with suitable pore structure, or employing aflexible material with an integrated support structure.

End piece or base 310 similarly seals sheath 300 when installed on aninstrument. In one embodiment of the invention, base 310 is at or nearbackend mechanism 210 of instrument 200 when sheath 300 is fullyinstalled. FIG. 3F, for example, illustrates a configuration where base310 is adjacent to backend mechanism 210 and provides a friction sealagainst main tube 220. With this configuration, sheath 300 can seal andor electrically isolate nearly the entire length of main tube 220. FIG.3F also illustrates that main tube 220 may optionally have ridges 224 orother features shaped to engage base 310 to provide a more secure sealor better resist slipping of sheath 300 during a medical procedure. Base310 may further include a retaining structure (not shown) made of aresilient material that engages a complementary feature of main tube 220to releasably lock the proximal end of sheath 300 in place.

Sheath 300, as described above, can cover a wrist mechanism 230 wheninstalled on a medical instrument 200. In accordance with an aspect ofthe invention, the section of body 320 that is positioned to surroundwrist mechanism 230 (or other joints in a medical instrument) isfabricated to provide the necessary flexibility for movement of thewrist mechanism without being caught in the wrist mechanism or otherwisebecoming damaged or interfering with movement of the medical instrument.Further, the force required to bend sheath 300 at the joints should alsobe small, so that sheath 300 does not interfere with the range of motionof the instrument or the therapeutic forces that the instrument candeliver when used in a robotic medical apparatus. FIG. 4A illustrates anembodiment of the invention in which body 320 includes two tubularsections 322 and 324 that can be made of the same basic material orcomposition but are shaped to create different flexibilities. Inparticular, section 324 is corrugated or convoluted in a manner thatallows section 324 to bend without kinking or collapsing and allowssection 324 to be repeatedly bent without creating stress fractures orfatigue fractures.

Convolutions in section 324 can be made, for example, by heat shrinkinga material such as polyester that is wrapped around a spring held atfixed length while the polyester is also held at a fixed length. Thefirst heating will thus form convolutions with a spacing defined bycoils of the spring. The material can then be further shrunk with thespring free to contract, or even with the spring under axialcompression, to increase the depth of the convolutions and increaseflexibility. The spring used in the fabrication of section 324 can beleft in sheath 300 as a support structure or removed.

The required length and position of section 324 in general will dependon the location of the joints in the instrument to be sheathed. In theexample of FIG. 4A, section 324 is at the distal end of sheath 300,which corresponds to the locations of wrist mechanism 230 includingmulti-member or snake joint 232, extended member 234, and joint 236 ininstrument 200 (FIG. 2). If additional mechanical joints were presentalong the instrument to be sheathed, the length of section 324 could beextended to cover other joints, or body 320 could include multipleseparated, corrugated or convoluted sections for the separatedmechanical joints. Covering joints in this manner can be advantageouswhen an instrument is inserted through a cannula because sheath 320 canprevent mechanical links within the joints from snagging on features ofthe cannula such as a trapdoor or seals. Section 322 of body 320 ispreferably more rigid than section 324 to better resist buckling andprovide a smoother structure for installation on an instrument,insertion through a cannula, and sealing on a cannula seal. The greaterrigidity of section 322 can be inherent to the straight rather thanconvoluted topography of section 322, or section 322 may additionally bemade thicker than section 324, have thicker layers than does section324, or have a different composition from section 322. In general, themaximum permitted outer diameters of both sections 322 and 324 arelimited by the cannula used with an instrument on which sheath 300 isinstalled, so that the lack of convolutions in section 322 permits useof thicker material in section 322.

Sheath 300 can employ other or additional techniques or structures toalter the stiffness of different sections of body 320. For example, body320 can include multiple layers of different materials such as a Mylarlayer surrounded by structural fiber (e.g., a woven or braided aramidfiber) then another layer of Mylar. Walls in one or more sections ofbody 320 could then have different thicknesses for one or more of thelayers to modify the relative stiffness of a section (e.g., section 324)that surrounds an instrument joint when compared to a section (e.g.,section 324) of body 320 that surrounds a rigid member or portion of themain tube of the instrument. For example, section 322 could have anouter layer of Mylar about 0.006″ thick, a layer of fiber about 0.003″thick, and an inner layer of Mylar about 0.003 to make a stiff tube,while section 324 has an outer layer of Mylar about 0.002″ thick,reinforcing fiber about 0.003″ thick, and the inner layer of Mylar about0.002″ thick. The different sections could also be formed over a springor corrugated mandrel that form convolutions in section 324 to assistwith the flexibility of the multilayer sheath.

In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, a one-piecesheath made of a stretchy material such as silicone or urethane, whichhas a tendency to collapse when a joint bends, can be re-enforced withan integrated spring or other structure that allows the material tobetter retain its cross-sectional shape or diameter when bent. Forexample, a sheath made of silicone tube can contain a coil springextending either along the length of body 320 or the section 324 ofsheath 300 that is intended to cover one or more joints of aninstrument. Use of a flexible or stretch material allows integration ofend pieces 310 and 330 in a single molded structure with body 320.

FIG. 4B shows an exploded view of an alternative embodiment in whichbody 320 has separate pieces corresponding to sections 322 and 324B andis therefore easily made of different materials. For example, section322 and a retaining structure 340 can be made of a relatively rigidmaterial such as polyester, a multi-ply Mylar/Kapton or a rigid siliconor urethane, while section 324B is made of a more flexible material suchas a more flexible silicone or urethane. The flexibility of the materialin section 324B permits molding tip seal 330 as an integral part ofsection 324B. However, such flexible materials may be too soft and proneto kinking, so that all or a portion of section 324B can be reinforced,for example, with braided fiber or a coil spring that could be on theinside diameter, outside diameter, or within the material of section324. The tubular sections 322 and 324B of different materials ordifferent durometer of the same material are bonded or glued together toform body 320. FIG. 4B also illustrates that retaining structure 340,which is preferably made of a more rigid material, can be bonded tosection 234B, so as to extend through a cutout in section 324B, enablingstructure 340 to engage a complementary feature of an instrument to besheathed, thereby locking sheath 400C in a desired location.

FIG. 4C shows a portion 400C of yet another embodiment of a sheathhaving sections 322C and 324C made of the same initial material but maybe processed to provide different characteristics. In particular, bothsections 322C and 324C sheath 400C can made of a material such assilicon or expanded PTFE. However, section 322C may be processed orchemically treated to increase rigidity and improve abrasion resistanceor section 324C may be treated or processed to improve performanceduring bending. The processing or treatment of a section may, forexample, be a coating or dye that stiffens section 322C to facilitateinstallation of sheath 400C.

In an exemplary embodiment of sheath 400C, body 320 is made of PTFE thatis processed at least in section 324C to make the PTFE porous. Thedensity of PTFE in section 324C can thus be manipulated to provide thedesired characteristics. For example, PTFE can be extruded and thenstretched on an annealing mandrel to give the PTFE small tears or pores.The degree of porosity and the thickness of the PTFE material in section324C can be selected to provide the required flexibility characteristicswhen the joint surrounded by section 324B bends. In particular, at abending joint, one side of section 324B stretches or gets longer, whilethe other side contracts or gets shorter. The pores in section 324B openand close as the joint bends, so that section 324 can avoid changing indiameter and therefore does not get trapped or pinched by the bendingjoint. Expanded PTFE (or ePTFE) capable of bending in this manner isavailable commercially, for example, from International PolymerEngineering of Tempe, Ariz. Section 324 when made of ePTFE can have asilicone tip molded onto its ends to provide seals as described above orthe ePTFE can provide a tension or friction seal when the ePTFE conformsto the underlying surface of the instrument. One advantage of PTFE isthat it is very slick, which facilitates installation on an instrumentand insertion of a sheathed instrument through a cannula. Colorant canbe added to the PTFE if the bright white color of PTFE is distracting orcauses saturation of the contrast of a camera system in a roboticmedical system.

Sheaths as described above can cover all or most of the length of maintube 220 and wrist mechanism 230 of an instrument 200 and particularlycover portions of the instrument that require electrical isolation, abarrier to biological material, or sealing to prevent loss of cavitypressure during a medical procedure. However, in an alternativeembodiment of the invention, a replaceable sheath can be of more limitedlength and designed primarily to cover and seal a wrist mechanism orjoint. FIG. 5, for example, shows an instrument having a replaceablesheath 500 that extends from effector 240 to the distal end of main tube220, thereby covering and sealing the wrist mechanism of the instrument.The portion of main tube 220 not covered by sheath 500 can be left bareif sealing or electrical isolation of main tube 220 is not required orcan be covered by a permanent coating or sheath that is not easilyremovable or replaceable.

A sheath covering a wrist mechanism, whether or not the remainder of themain tube of an instrument is covered, can be used to apply lubricantsor agents to the wrist mechanism or other components of the instrument.For example, a medically safe lubricant such as mineral oil or AesculapSterilit oil can be coated on the interior of a sheath so as to come incontact with the wrist mechanism of an instrument when the removablesheath is installed on the instrument. In such a case, installation ofthe sheath and operation of the wrist mechanism can cause the lubricantto work into the wrist mechanism, resulting in less operating frictionand less wear on mechanical joints. Alternatively or additionally, anagent that facilitates cleaning of an instrument can similarly beprovided within the interior of the sheath. For example, ananticoagulant such as Heparin could be provided within a sheath so thatbiological material that somehow reaches the interior of the instrumentis less likely to stick to the instrument and is more easily cleaned outof the instrument. Alternatively, the agent could be a disinfectant.

Although the invention has been described with reference to particularembodiments, the description is only an example of the invention'sapplication and should not be taken as a limitation. Various adaptationsand combinations of features of the embodiments disclosed are within thescope of the invention as defined by the following claims.

1. (canceled)
 2. A medical apparatus comprising: a sheath dimensioned tobe installed on a surgical instrument, the sheath comprising a firsttubular section and a second tubular section; the first tubular sectioncomprising a distal end portion and a proximal end portion; the secondtubular section extending proximally from the proximal end portion ofthe first tubular section; the second tubular section being more rigidthan the first tubular section; and one or both of the first and secondtubular sections comprising a colorant.
 3. The medical apparatus ofclaim 2, wherein the colorant is sufficient to reduce saturation ofcontrast when the one or both of the first and second tubular sectionscomprising the colorant is imaged through an endoscopic camera.
 4. Themedical apparatus of claim 2, wherein: the sheath further comprises athird tubular section extending distally from the first tubular section;and the third tubular section has an inner diameter that is smaller thanan inner diameter of the first tubular section at least at a location ofthe first tubular section from which the third tubular section extends.5. The medical apparatus of claim 4, wherein the third tubular sectionis necked down relative to the first tubular section.
 6. The medicalapparatus of claim 4, wherein: the first tubular section comprises alayer of material; the third tubular section comprises multipleconcentric layers of material; and an outer layer of material of themultiple concentric layers of material of the third tubular section isthe layer of material of the first tubular section.
 7. The medicalapparatus of claim 4, wherein the third tubular section is bonded to thefirst tubular section.
 8. The medical apparatus of claim 2, wherein anouter diameter of the proximal end portion of the first tubular sectiontapers from a first outer diameter to a second outer diameter from whichsecond tubular section extends.
 9. The medical apparatus of claim 8,wherein at least a portion of the second tubular section has an outerdiameter equal to the second outer diameter.
 10. The medical apparatusof claim 2, wherein an inner diameter of the proximal end portion of thefirst tubular section tapers from a first inner diameter to a secondinner diameter from which the second tubular section extends.
 11. Themedical apparatus of claim 10, wherein at least a portion of the secondtubular section has an inner diameter equal to the second innerdiameter.
 12. The medical apparatus of claim 2, wherein one or both ofthe first tubular section and the second tubular section comprises alubricant.
 13. The medical apparatus of claim 2, wherein one or both ofthe first tubular section and the second tubular section comprises adisinfectant.
 14. The medical apparatus of claim 2, wherein one or bothof the first tubular section and the second tubular section comprises ananti-coagulant.
 15. The medical apparatus of claim 2, wherein one orboth of the first tubular section and the second tubular sectioncomprises an electrically insulative material.
 16. The medical apparatusof claim 2, further comprising a retention structure coupled to thesecond tubular section.
 17. The medical apparatus of claim 16, whereinthe retention structure is releasably engageable with a complementaryretention structure of the surgical instrument.
 18. The medicalapparatus of claim 2, wherein the sheath is configured to be removablyinstalled on the surgical instrument.
 19. The medical apparatus of claim2, wherein the first tubular section comprises one or more of apolyester material, a fluoropolymer material, a polyimide material, aurethane material, a silicone material, and an aramid fiber material.20. The medical apparatus of claim 19, wherein the second tubularsection comprises one or more of a polyester material, a siliconematerial, a urethane material, and a fluoropolymer material.
 21. Themedical apparatus of claim 20, wherein the third tubular sectioncomprises one or more of a silicone material and a urethane material.